St. Erkenwald (England), died c. 693; Bishop of London; founder of Chertsey and Barking abbeys. The first nuns in Germany came from England in the eighth century, having been brought over by St. Boniface to assist him in his work of conversion and to provide a means of education for their own sex amongst the newly evangelized Teutonic races. The cardinal resigned the abbey to the pope, who thereupon gave it to Ludovico Barbo, a canon regular of St. George in alga. At Fulda he placed a Bavarian convert named Sturm at the head of a monastery he founded there in 744, from which came many missionaries who carried the Gospel to Prussia and what is now Austria. Ten of the old convents have since been restored, and eleven new ones founded. To facilitate its introduction, monks were sent from St.-Vannes in 1618 to initiate the stricter observance. It takes the form in different places of seminaries for ecclesiastical studies, schools, and gymnasia for secondary education not strictly ecclesiastical, or of colleges for a higher or university course. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02443a.htm. François Lamy, b. Benedict van Haeften (Belgium), b. Most of the older universities of Europe have grown out of monastic schools. At any rate, evidences for it are so extremely doubtful that it cannot be seriously regarded as historical. The reform was introduced mainly through the instrumentality of Dom Laurent Bénard and quickly spread through France. In 1900 the abbey church was consecrated, in the presence of a great gathering of abbots from all over the world, by Cardinal Rampolla, acting as representative of the pope. Lay brothers, oblates, confraters, and nuns The order consisted chiefly of noble Roman ladies, who lived a semi-religious life and devoted themselves to works of piety and charity. Into Lithuania and the Eastern Empire the Benedictine Rule never penetrated in early times, and the great schism between East and West effectually prevented any possibilities of development in that direction. The black hood and short scapular which they wore denoted their connexion with Cîteaux. 1861. Hugh Faringdon, Abbot of Reading, Bl. Lérins continued through several centuries to supply from its monks bishops for the chief churches of Southern Gaul, and to them perhaps may be traced the general diffusion of St. Benedictine's Rule throughout that country. Hildebrand de Hemptinne (Belgium), b. The only differences in colour within the Benedictine federation are those of the monks of Monte Vergine, who though now belonging to the Cassinese congregation of Primitive Observance, still retain the white habit adopted by their founder in the twelfth century, and those of the congregation of St. Ottilien, who wear a red girdle to signify their special missionary character. It is at least certain that when Monte Cassino was sacked by the Lombards about the year 580, the monks fled to Rome, where they were housed by Pope Pelagius II in a monastery adjoining the Lateran Basilica. Of the sixty-six monasteries suppressed in 1835, five have been restored, viz., Montserrat (1844), St. Clodio (1880), Vilvaneira (1883), and Samos (1888) by the Cassinese P. O. congregation, and Silos (1880) by the French monks from Ligugé. The Olivetans (1319) marked the furthest point of development by instituting an abbot-general with jurisdiction over all the other abbots as well as their communities. Pietro Francesco Casaretto (Italy), b. St. Mechtilde, sister to St. Gertrude and nun at Eisleben. Denis and Adrian, originally of Lamspring, which had been dispersed since 1841, and of which there were only one or two surviving members; and partly to preserve continuity with the Scottish monasteries that had from time to time been founded in different parts of Germany and Austria, and of which there was, likewise, only one survivor—Father Anselm Robertson, professed at St. Jame's, Ratisbon, in 1845. In some of the Spanish orders, permission to marry was granted in the seventeenth century. 879, d. 942; second Abbot of Cluny. A few of the larger abbeys founded in these countries during the ninth and tenth centuries still exist, but the number of foundations was always small in comparison with those farther west. (1) The English Congregation.—The English were the first to put into practice the decrees of the Lateran Council. In about 540 AD, after founding the monastery of Monte Cassino, Benedict wrote his Rule for the monastery, which became the foundation of the Benedictine order. (h) The Order of Christ, reared upon the ruins of the Templars about 1317; it became very numerous and wealthy. So zealous were they in this twenty-seven suffered martyrdom for the Faith, whilst eleven died in prison. St. Romuald (Italy), b. Suitbert Baumer (Germany), b. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Susan Birkenseer. Philip Ellis, b. Through the efforts of Berno's immediate successors the congregation grew apace, partly by founding new houses and partly by incorporating those already existing, so that by the twelfth century Cluny had become the centre and head of an order embracing some 314 monasteries in all parts of Europe, France, Italy, the Empire, Lorraine, Spain, England, Scotland, and Poland. They first observed the rule of the Franciscan Tertiaries, but this was soon changed for that of St. Benedict. A contemplative monastic community living according to the Rule of St. Benedict. Although he was not an ordained priest, those who follow his Benedictine Rule today generally study for the priesthood. S. P. N. Benedicti (Cologne, 1603); Hélyot, Histoire des ordres religieux (Paris, 1792); Id., Dict. The monks and nuns both kept the Benedictine Rule, to which were added some additional austerities. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. Edmond Martène, b. In England the convents were suppressed and the nuns turned adrift. Cluny in Burgundy, founded in 910, eventually establishes a huge family of monasteries under one abbot. St. Robert of Molesmes (France), b. Lérins, for instance, one of the oldest, which had been founded by St. Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine and his companions in 596. (2) Oblates.—This term was formerly applied to children offered by their parents in a solemn way to a monastery, a dedication by which they were considered to have embraced the monastic state. Jean-Baptiste Muard (France), b. At Oxford, the English Benedictines, though they could not claim to be the founders, took an important part in the university life and development. Our work supports our life of prayer and includes making altar breads, liturgical ve Rabanus Maurus (Germany), d. 856; Archbishop of Mainz. 1849; Prior of Solesmes and successor to Dom Pothier as leader of the school. Dismayed by the accounts they had heard of the ferocity of the English, the missionaries had sent their leader back to Rome to implore the pope to allow them to abandon the object of their journey. Bl. Continuity was preserved by the last survivors of Broadway being incorporated in 1876 into the newly founded community of Fort Augustus in Scotland. In 1903 Rio de Janeiro was made the mother-house of the congregation and the residence of the abbot-general. (20) Independent Abbeys.—Besides the above congregations there also are two independent abbeys, which belong to no congregation, but are immediately subject to the Holy See; (a) The Abbey of Fort Augustus, Scotland. Augustine Baker (England), b. William Bernard Ullathorne, b. The Valladolid congregation had St. Benedict's, Valladolid (founded 1390), for its mother-house, and amongst its houses were St. Martin's, Compostella (ninth century); St. Benedict's, Sahagún, the largest in Spain; St. Vincent's, Salamanca, famous for its university; Our Lady's, Montserrat; and St. Domingo at Silos. St. Sylvester (Italy), b. They met with much opposition, and, irregularities having crept in, they were reformed in 1587 and placed under the abbess of the convent. The Fathers at Paris have been allowed to remain, in consideration of the important literary and history work on which they are engaged. It was said that St. Benedict seemed to have taken possession of the country as his own, and the history of his order in England is the history of the English Church. Nowhere did the order link itself so intimately with people and institutions, secular as well as religious, as in England. The monasteries of Germany were divided chiefly between Fulda and Hirschau, both of which eventually joined the Bursfeld Union. Pietro Francesco Casaretto (Italy), b. Churches are turned into factories, buildings are used as quarries, land and treasures or confiscated, books destroyed or sent to new national libraries. Today as in the past, the Holy Hermitage of Camaldoli is considered to be head and mother of the congregation. 1811, died c. 1880; Coadjutor bishop of Perth, Australia (1848); and Rudesind Salvado (Spain), b. In 1790 the Revolution suppressed all its monasteries and the monks were dispersed. Its roll of honour was opened in August, 1905, by a bishop, two monks, two lay brothers, and two nuns, who suffered martyrdom for the Faith at the hands of the Central African natives. The various monasteries founded by St. Augustine and his fellow-monks had preserved some sort of union, as was only natural with new foundations in a pagan country proceeding from a common source of origin. St. Sturm (Bavaria), d. 779; first Abbot of Fulda. Foundations originating from or based upon the Benedictine Order William Gabriel Gifford, b. The habit worn by the lay brethren is usually a modification of that of the choir monks, sometimes differing from it in colour as well as in shape; and the vows of the lay brethren are in most congregations only simple, or renewable periodically, in contrast with the solemn vows for life taken by the choir religious. The education of these children was the germ out of which afterward developed the great monastic schools. 1835; inaugurator of the Solesmes school of plain-chant; Abbot of Fontanelle (1898). Nunneries were founded in Gaul by Sts. Lay brothers were entrusted with the more menial work of the monastery, and all those duties that involved intercourse with the outside world, in order that the choir brethren might be free to devote themselves entirely to prayer and other occupations proper to their clerical vocation. 1794, d. 1872; a monk of Downside; Vicar Apostolic of Mauritius (1832). The meetings of the chapter are held usually every two, three, or four years and are presided over by one of the members elected to that office by the rest. At Fulda he placed a Bavarian convert named Sturm at the head of a monastery he founded there in 744, from which came many missionaries who carried the Gospel to Prussia and what is now Austria. Other important houses are at Allegheny (Pennsylvania), Atchison (Kansas), Chicago (2), Covington (Kentucky), Duluth (Minnesota), Erie (Pennsylvania), Ferdinand (Indiana), Mount Angel (Oregon), Newark (New Jersey), New Orleans (Louisiana), Shoal Creek (Arkansas), and Yankton (South Dakota). Although the congregation had its own constitutions and was absolutely autonomous, its members always claimed to be and were actually recognized as real Benedictines; hence it was not strictly a new order but only a reformed congregation within the order. St. Bernard Ptolemy (Italy), b. Here they are gradually rebuilding the abbey on its original foundations. Jean Besse (France), b. Though a Benedictine himself born in Aquitaine and trained at Saint-Seine near Dijon, Benedict was imbued with the rigid austerity of the East, and in his Abbey of Aniane practiced a mode of life that was severe in the extreme. 1865. He made his monastery a Christian academy, collected a great number of manuscripts, and introduced an organized plan of study for his disciples. It had up to that time given to the Church no less than 24 popes, 200 cardinals, 7,000 archbishops, 15,000 bishops, and over 1,500 canonized saints. In 1630 it was proposed to unite this congregation, those of Bursfeld and Bavaria, and all the houses that were still independent, into one general federation, and a meeting was held at Ratisbon to discuss the scheme. The Benedictines have numbered kings and emperors and many distinguished persons amongst their confratres, and there is hardly a monastery of the present day which has not some lay people connected with it by this spiritual bond of union. Camaldolese19241 He also declared it to be the true successor to all the privileges formerly enjoyed by the congregations of Cluny, St.-Vannes, and St.-Maur. From Corbie, in Picardy, one of the most famous monasteries in France, St. Ansgar set out in 827 for Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, in each of which countries he founded many monasteries and firmly planted the Benedictine Rule. St. John of Beverley, d. 721; Bishop of Hexham. 1861; a monk of Ligugé. Francis Aidan Gasquet (England), b. (Venice, 1733); Yepez, Chronicon generale Ord. It became a priory in 1880 and in 1896 an abbey. William Eynon, and Bl. St. Edmund Rich, d. 1240; Archbishop of Canterbury (1234); died in exile. A monk of the Beuron congregation, Dom Leo Linse, was at the same time appointed its first abbot. Special Congregations.—Duckett, Charters and Records of Cluni (Lewes, England, 1890); Sackur, Die Cluniacenser (Halle a S., 1892-94); Janauschek, Origines Cisterciensium (Vienna, 1877); Gaillardin, Les Trappistes (Paris, 1844); Guibert, Destruction de Grandmont (Paris, 1877); Salvado, Memorie Storiche (Rome, 1851); Berengier, La Nouvelle-Nursie (Paris, 1878); Brullee, Vie de P. Muard (Paris, 1855), tr. The system spread rapidly to all branches of the order and was imitated by almost every other religious order. In 1900 the abbey church was consecrated, in the presence of a great gathering of abbots from all over the world, by Cardinal Rampolla, acting as representative of the pope. Some were even semi-eremitical in their constitution, and one — Fontevrault — consisted of double monasteries, the religious of both sexes being under the rule of the abbess. St. Benedict's convent at St. Joseph, Minnesota, founded in 1857, is the largest Benedictine convent in America. 1814, d. 1900; Bishop of Port Victoria (1849); founders of New Nursia, Australia. Excepting at Fontevrault the nuns seem at first not to have been strictly enclosed, as now, but were free to leave the cloister whenever some special duty or occasion might demand it, as in the case of the English nuns already mentioned, who went to Germany for active missionary work. Whilst there their numbers increased sufficiently to make new foundations at Erdington, England, in 1876, Prague in 1880, and Seckau, Styria, in 1883. It seems tolerably certain, at any rate, that as St. Benedict's Rule began to be diffused abroad, women as well as men formed themselves into communities in order to live a religious life according to its principles, and wherever the Benedictine monks went, there also we find monasteries being established for nuns. In 1633, by the Bull "Plantata", Pope Urban VIII bestowed upon the restored English congregation "every privilege, grant, indulgence, faculty, and other prerogative which had ever belonged to the ancient English congregation" and also approved of its members taking on oath by which they bound themselves to labour for the reconversion of their country. The order was definitely established in 1134 under the guidance of St. Bernard, who placed it under the Benedictine rule. Richard Whiting, abbot of Glastonbury, Bl. The community of Solesmes have been expelled from their monastery by the French government no less than four times. Hugh Faringdon, Abbot of Reading, Bl. It flourished until the Protestant Reformation, which with the religious wars that followed entirely obliterated it, and most of its monasteries passed into Lutheran hands. Vol. Bishops, monks, martyrs, etc. Meanwhile certain Italian reforms had produced a number of independent congregations outside the order, differing from each other in organization and spirit, and in each of which the departure from Benedictine principles was carried a stage further. Marquard Herrgott (Germany), b. In the early 8th century, monks from England proudly proclaim that they follow only the Rule of Benedict – the first genuine „Benedictines“. They also undertook work in Bengal in 1874, but this has since been relinquished to the secular clergy. 1506, d. 1566; Abbot of Liessies (1530); author of the "Mirror for Monks". The political disturbances at the end of the eighteenth century reduced the number of abbeys to six, of which five still continue and constitute the entire congregation at the present day. B. F. Pitra (France), b. In 1872 this union of monasteries was separated altogether from the original congregation and erected as a new and independent body under the title of the "Cassinese Congregation of Primitive Observance", which was divided into provinces according to the different countries in which its houses were situated, with the Abbot of Subiaco as abbot-general of the whole federation. The abbot-general appealed for help to the pope, who applied to the Beuronese congregation for volunteers. The Cistercians have the greatest impact. John Beche, Abbot of Colchester; all executed (1539) for denying the supremacy of Henry VIII in ecclesiastical matters. St. Wulfstan, d. 1095; Bishop of Worcester. St. Gregory the Great (Rome); born c. 540, d. 604; one of the four Latin doctors; celebrated for his writings and for his reform of ecclesiastical change; called the "Apostle of England" because he sent St. Augustine to that country in 596. in Downside Review, III (1884).] The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. The example of Cluny produced imitators and many new unions of monasteries subject to a central abbey resulted. The Benedictine Order comprises monks living under the Rule of St. Benedict, and commonly known as "black monks". The members of the following houses in Germany having renounced their solemn vows and become canonesses in the sixteenth century, abandoned also the Catholic Faith and accepted the Protestant religion: Gandersheim, Herford, Quedlinburg, Gernrode. English42777987,3285380 Dedicated to Sr. Monica Marie (P.J. In Italy: Monte Cassino, three times destroyed by the Lombards in the sixth century, by the Saracens, and by fire in the ninth, but each time restored and still existing; Bobbio, famous for its palimpsests, of which a tenth-century catalogue is now in the Ambrosian Library, Milan, printed by Muratori (Antiq. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. By this act he became the link between the old and the new lines of English black monks, and through him the true succession was perpetuated. Large-hearted abbots, eager to advance the interests of their poorer neighbours, often voluntarily expended considerable annual sums on the building and repairing of bridges, the making of roads, etc., and everywhere exercised a benign influence directed only towards improving the social and material condition of the people amongst whom they found themselves. 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