The science was named by German biologist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), who introduced the term in several works in the 1860s and 1870s, first in German and then in English, inspiring others to develop the science. [28][29], Haeckel was a flamboyant figure, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from available evidence. [12] He then studied medicine in Berlin and Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with the anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858). The first published concerns came from Ludwig Rütimeyer, a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Basel who had placed fossil mammals in an evolutionary lineage early in the 1860s and had been sent a complimentary copy. [12] In 1869 he traveled as a researcher to Norway, in 1871 to Croatia (where he lived on the island of Hvar in a monastery),[17] and in 1873 to Egypt, Turkey, and Greece. The turning point in Haeckel’s thinking was his reading of Charles Darwin’s 1859 work, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Enthusiastically attempting to explain both inorganic and organic nature under the same physical laws, Haeckel portrayed the lowest creatures as mere protoplasm without nuclei; he speculated that they had arisen spontaneously through combinations of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur. He then studied medicine in Berlin and Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with the anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858). [39], However, Robert J. Richards notes: "Haeckel, on his travels to Ceylon and Indonesia, often formed closer and more intimate relations with natives, even members of the untouchable classes, than with the European colonials." For a time he practiced medicine; his father then agreed to his traveling to Italy, where he painted and even considered art as a career. [46]:264–267[47], Darwin's On the Origin of Species, which made a powerful impression on Haeckel when he read it in 1864, was very cautious about the possibility of ever reconstructing the history of life, but did include a section reinterpreting von Baer's embryology and revolutionising the field of study, concluding that "Embryology rises greatly in interest, when we thus look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class of animals." These ideas eventually fell from favour. We welcome any additional information. [13] Before macro photography showed us tiny things in great detail, Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) drew life seen through his microscope. Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botanylectures in Würzburg. [18][19], Haeckel's wife, Agnes, died in 1915, and he became substantially frailer, breaking his leg and arm. [74] Haeckel also believed that Germany should be governed by an authoritarian political system, and that inequalities both within and between societies were an inevitable product of evolutionary law. and says the Nazis rejected Haeckel, since he opposed antisemitism, while supporting ideas they disliked (for instance atheism, feminism, internationalism, pacifism etc.). 46 Issue 2, p123 . [12], On the occasion of his 80th birthday celebration he was presented with a two-volume work entitled Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken (What We Owe to Ernst Haeckel), edited at the request of the German Monistenbund by Heinrich Schmidt of Jena. Ernst Haeckel’s art became very popular as it paired colorful lithographs with information about these scientific marvels of nature. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 – 1919) was a philosopher, professor, physician, naturalist, biologist and artist. PNG alpha-transparencies of Haeckel's "Kustformen der natur", aDiatomea: artificial life experiment with 3d generated diatoms, influenced by Haeckel, Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&oldid=997619034, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Botanist identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 January 2021, at 12:24. Robert J. Richards, "Myth 19: That Darwin and Haeckel Were Complicit in Nazi Biology", in. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that Haeckel had often overtly recognized the great contribution of educated Jews to the German culture. [9][10], Ernst Haeckel was born on 16 February 1834, in Potsdam (then part of the Kingdom of Prussia). From Ernst Haeckel's. [20], Haeckel became the most famous proponent of Monism in Germany. G. Fischer, Jena, Germany [in German] BHL Reference page. Relating different images on a grid conveyed a powerful evolutionary message. "[37], In his introduction to the Nazi party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg's 1930 book, The Myth of the Twentieth Century, Peter Peel affirms that Rosenberg had indeed read Haeckel. Ernst Haeckel, in full Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel, (born Feb. 16, 1834, Potsdam, Prussia [Germany]—died Aug. 9, 1919, Jena, Ger. [36], In his Ontogeny and Phylogeny Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould wrote: "[Haeckel's] evolutionary racism; his call to the German people for racial purity and unflinching devotion to a 'just' state; his belief that harsh, inexorable laws of evolution ruled human civilization and nature alike, conferring upon favored races the right to dominate others ... all contributed to the rise of Nazism. He declared that ontogeny (the embryology and development of the individual) briefly, and sometimes necessarily incompletely, recapitulated, or repeated, phylogeny (the developmental history of the species or race). They quote Haeckel as saying "If [recapitulation] was always complete, it would be a very easy task to construct whole phylogeny on the basis of ontogeny. Das System der Medusen. His concept of recapitulation has been refuted in the form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in favour of the ideas first advanced by Karl Ernst von Baer. From them he traced one-celled forms with nuclei and three kingdoms—animal, vegetable, and the neutral, borderline “protista.” His artistic leanings toward ideal symmetries led him to outline numerous genealogical trees, sometimes to supply missing links or branches; and he reconstructed the human ancestral tree to demonstrate humankind’s descent from the lower animals. Haeckel responded with angry accusations of bowing to religious prejudice, but in the second (1870) edition changed the duplicated embryo images to a single image captioned "embryo of a mammal or bird". We must mention here one of the most important results of the comparative study of languages, which for the Stammbaum of the species of men is of the highest significance, namely that human languages probably had a multiple or polyphyletic origin. It was frequently reprinted until 1926. Haeckel introduced the concept of heterochrony, the change in timing of embryonic development over the course of evolution. In particular, "one and the same, moreover incorrectly interpreted woodcut, is presented to the reader three times in a row and with three different captions as [the] embryo of the dog, the chick, [and] the turtle". … There is certainly, even now, a number of lower vertebrate animals (e.g. (Ironically, a new human species, Homo floresiensis, a dwarf human type, has recently been discovered in the island of Flores). [13], In 1864, his beloved first wife, Anna Sethe, died. The strong recapitulation hypothesis views ontogeny as repeating forms of adult ancestors, while weak recapitulation means that what is repeated (and built upon) is the ancestral embryonic development process. [55], Haeckel was awarded the title of Excellency by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1907[56] and the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908. Omissions? Ernst Haeckel was a German zoologist, evolutionist, philosopher, professor, naturalist, physician, biologist, and artist. If you have additional information or corrections regarding this mathematician, please use the update form.To submit students of this mathematician, please use the new data form, noting this mathematician's MGP ID of 159000 for the advisor ID. By the time Haeckel was teaching he was able to use a textbook with woodcut illustrations written by his own teacher Albert von Kölliker, which purported to explain human development while also using other mammalian embryos to claim a coherent sequence. [57][citation needed], In Jena he is remembered with a monument at Herrenberg (erected in 1969),[58] an exhibition at Ernst-Haeckel-Haus,[59] and at the Jena Phyletic Museum, which continues to teach about evolution and share his work to this day. In 1857 … Nazi propaganda guidelines issued in 1935 listed books which popularized Darwin and evolution on an "expunged list". At least this is the view of Schleicher, one of the foremost authorities on this subject. In the Spring of that year he drew figures for the book, synthesising his views of specimens in Jena and published pictures to represent types. Such experiences in marine biology strongly attracted Haeckel toward zoology, but dutifully he took a medical degree, as his family wished, at Berlin in 1857. [77] He was also a pacifist until the First World War, when he wrote propaganda in favor of the war. "Haeckel's Monism and the Birth of Fascist Ideology". 215 ff. He used morphology to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life, in the absence of fossil evidence using embryology as evidence of ancestral relationships. Updates? In 1852 Haeckel completed studies at the Domgymnasium, the cathedral high-school of Merseburg. But in a great majority of animals, including man, this is not possible because the infinitely varied conditions of existence have led the embryonic forms themselves to be changed and to partly lose their original condition (Haeckel, 1903: pp. Review (2002), 77, pp. Ernst Haeckel – Evolution's controversial artist. From this, Haeckel drew the implication that languages with the most potential yield the human races with the most potential, led by the Semitic and Indo-Germanic groups, with Berber, Jewish, Greco-Roman and Germanic varieties to the fore. Ernst Haeckel deserves to be remembered for the many contributions he made to zoology, including the discovery of thousands of new species as well as his magnificent artistic talent in depicting the natural world in minute detail. Haeckel was also a promoter of scientific racism[8] and embraced the idea of Social Darwinism. Ernst Haeckel's contribution to Evo-Devo and scientific debate: a re-evaluation of Haeckel's controversial illustrations in US textbooks in response to creationist accusations. [27] Haeckel supported the theory with embryo drawings that have since been shown to be oversimplified and in part inaccurate, and the theory is now considered an oversimplification of quite complicated relationships, however comparison of embryos[6] remains a powerful way to demonstrate that all animals are related. [38], In the same line of thought, historian Daniel Gasman states that Haeckel's ideology stimulated the birth of Fascist ideology in Italy and France. [15], From 1866 to 1867 Haeckel made an extended journey to the Canary Islands with Hermann Fol. [11] In 1857 Haeckel attained a doctorate in medicine, and afterwards he received the license to practice medicine. After publication he told a colleague that the images "are completely exact, partly copied from nature, partly assembled from all illustrations of these early stages that have hitherto become known". Watts E, Levit GS, Hossfeld U (2019). He is most well known for his descriptions of phylogenetic trees, studies of radiolarians, and illustrations of vertebrate embryos to support his biogenetic law and Darwin’s work with evolution. One of Haeckel's books did a great deal to explain his version of "Darwinism" to the world. [72] This idea was later put into practice by the Third Reich, as part of the Aktion T4 program. See for example, their Fig. [22] He was the first person to use the term "first world war". [81], Nazis themselves divided on the question of whether Haeckel should be counted as a pioneer of their ideology. [79][80] They also point to incompatibilities between evolutionary biology and Nazi ideology. Michael K. Richardson. In 1906 Haeckel founded a group called the Monist League (Deutscher Monistenbund) to promote his religious and political beliefs. He was first to postulate a “missing link” between ape and man and was proven correct when Java man was found in 1891. Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory, and although he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for his work on radiolaria, many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect. In those days of great interest in protoplasm, it was believed for a while that certain deep-sea dredgings had brought up such structureless organisms; when scientists found this to be in error, Haeckel continued to insist, throughout the years, that “monera” existed. ERNST HAECKEL AND THE THEORY OF THE CELL STATE: REMARKS ON THE HISTORY OF A BIO-POLITICAL METAPHOR. [85] Kurt Hildebrandt, a Nazi political philosopher, also rejected Haeckel. Ernst Haeckel was a German biologist of the late mid 1800s who made commentary on a large range of issues, ranging from philosophy to development … It mentioned von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it to Louis Agassiz) that at an early stage embryos were so similar that it could be impossible to tell whether an unlabelled specimen was of a mammal, a bird, or of a reptile, and Darwin's own research using embryonic stages of barnacles to show that they are crustaceans, while cautioning against the idea that one organism or embryonic stage is "higher" or "lower", or more or less evolved. [76], On the other hand, Haeckel was not an anti-Semite. This is so because the growing embryo needs a constant supply of oxygen, and nutrients. In Haeckel’s book The History of Creation (1884) he included migration routes which he thought the first humans had used outside of Lemuria. The German biologist and artist Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (1834–1919) (Fig. Vol. [69] As a result of the "struggle for existence", it followed that the "lower" races would eventually be exterminated. He held that evolutionary biology had definitively proven that races were unequal in intelligence and ability, and that their lives were also of unequal value. Duplication using galvanoplastic stereotypes (clichés) was a common technique in textbooks, but not on the same page to represent different eggs or embryos. As Blackwell (Am Biol Teach 69:135–136, 2007) pointed out, multiple authors have attempted to discredit Haeckel, stating that modern embryological studies have shown that Haeckel’s drawings are stylized or embellished. Haeckel dedicated some species of jellyfish of particular beauty (such as Desmonema annasethe) to his unforgettable wife. [66][67][68], The evidence is in some respects ambiguous. More importantly, though, He described these theoretical remains in great detail and even named the as-yet unfound species, Pithecanthropus alalus, and instructed his students such as Richard and Oskar Hertwig to go and find it. He is regarded as a pioneer of eugenics and Nazi eugenics in Germany. He invented new terms, including ontogeny and phylogeny, to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". For other uses, see, Assessments of potential influence on Nazism. [12] Haeckel died on 9 August 1919. [40], Haeckel claimed the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia: he believed that Hindustan (Indian subcontinent) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved. It was later said that "there is evidence of sleight of hand" on both sides of the feud between Haeckel and Wilhelm His. He was so precise Though his concepts of recapitulation were in error, Haeckel brought attention to important biological questions. [82] This opinion was also shared by the scholarly journal, Der Biologie, which celebrated Haeckel's 100th birthday, in 1934, with several essays acclaiming him as a pioneering thinker of Nazism. 1, System der Craspedoten: IN Monographie der Medusen. 1: 1–363. (Haeckel, 1866), vol. Daniel Gasman (1998). Haeckel's view can be seen as a forerunner of the views of Carleton Coon, who also believed that human races evolved independently and in parallel with each other. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the United States, Mount Haeckel, a 13,418 ft (4,090 m) summit in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, overlooking the Evolution Basin, is named in his honour, as is another Mount Haeckel, a 2,941 m (9,649 ft) summit in New Zealand; and the asteroid 12323 Haeckel. Here again he traced a branching scheme, this time to illustrate the mechanism of heredity and to show the influence of outer conditions on the inherited undulatory motion he attributed to the “plastidules,” the term he adopted for the molecules making up protoplasm. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernst-Haeckel, Strange Science - Biography of Ernst Haeckel, University of California, Berkeley: Museum of Paleontology - Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), How Stuff Works - Science - Biography of Ernst Heinrich Haeckel. [63][64][65] Others have denied the relationship all together. [71] As an advocate of eugenics, he also believed that about 200,000 mentally and congenitally ill should be killed by a medical control board. This group lasted until 1933 and included such notable members as Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg von Arco (1869-1940), Helene Stöcker and Walter Arthur Berendsohn. Ernst Haeckel, in full Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel, (born Feb. 16, 1834, Potsdam, Prussia [Germany]—died Aug. 9, 1919, Jena, Ger. In 1852 Haeckel completed studies at the Domgymnasium, the cathedral high-school of Merseburg. Dubois classified Java Man with Haeckel's Pithecanthropus label, though they were later reclassified as Homo erectus. For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral microorganisms that have never been found. [41][42], Haeckel later claimed that the missing link was to be found on the lost continent of Lemuria located in the Indian Ocean. The evolutionary study of embryos reached a peak in the late 1800s thanks primarily to the efforts of one extraordinarily gifted, though not entirely honest, scientist named Ernst Haeckel (left). [46]:270–274, The book sold very well, and while some anatomical experts hostile to Haeckel's evolutionary views expressed some private concerns that certain figures had been drawn rather freely, the figures showed what they already knew about similarities in embryos. Ernst Mayr. To meet his publisher's need for a popular work he used a student's transcript of his lectures as the basis of his Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte of 1868, presenting a comprehensive presentation of evolution. In the introduction to his 1871 The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin gave particular praise to Haeckel, writing that if Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte "had appeared before my essay had been written, I should probably never have completed it". Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Research Affiliate in the History of Medicine, Yale University. For a fuller list of works of and about Haeckel, see his entry in the German Wikisource. From, Paleontological tree of vertebrates. Though he made no suggestion that embryo illustrations should be directly based on specimens, to him the subject demanded the utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" and an artist must "not arbitrarily model or generalise his originals for speculative purposes" which he considered proved by comparison with works by other authors. The German scientist’s lush drawings, watercolors, and sketches of lifeforms “from the highest mountaintops to the deepest ocean” were published in 59 scientific illustrations between 1860 and 1862. This species alone (with the exception of the Mongolian) has had an actual history; it alone has attained to that degree of civilisation which seems to raise men above the rest of nature. Some scientists of the day suggested[30] Dubois' Java Man as a potential intermediate form between modern humans and the common ancestor we share with the other great apes. One of the first problems with the illustrations in the first row of Haeckel’s comparative embryo plates in his work Anthropogenie is that he drew many embryos, including the human and chick embryos, without either pericardial or heart bulges, where they possess these in reality. The similarity of early vertebrate embryos became common knowledge, and the illustrations were praised by experts such as Michael Foster of the University of Cambridge. Modern scientists and science historians have varied on the value of these diagrams … [12] In 1907 he had a museum built in Jena to teach the public about evolution. [46]:288–296, While it has been widely claimed that Haeckel was charged with fraud by five professors and convicted by a university court at Jena, there does not appear to be an independently verifiable source for this claim. An effective popularizer of science, Haeckel produced numerous tree diagrams, showing evolutionary relationships between different species. [25], Haeckel advanced a version of the earlier recapitulation theory previously set out by Étienne Serres in the 1820s and supported by followers of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire including Robert Edmond Grant. The first chapter included an illustration: "As some of my readers may never have seen a drawing of an embryo, I have given one of man and another of a dog, at about the same early stage of development, carefully copied from two works of undoubted accuracy" with a footnote citing the sources and noting that "Häckel has also given analogous drawings in his Schöpfungsgeschichte." He studied at Würzburg and at the University of Berlin, where his professor, the physiologist and anatomist Johannes Müller, took him on a summer expedition to observe small sea creatures off the coast of Heligoland in the North Sea. The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures, collected in his Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature"). [84] Gunther Hecht, a member of the Nazi Department of Race Politics, also issued a memorandum rejecting Haeckel as a forerunner of Nazism. Haeckel's work focused often on the genesis and evolution of life and on the embryology of humans. [46]:269–270, Haeckel's aim was a reformed morphology with evolution as the organising principle of a cosmic synthesis unifying science, religion, and art. Ernst Haeckel was a German biologist, naturalist, and artist who pioneered the practice of using artistic illustrations to capture the likenesses of animals in the wild during the 19th century. Haeckel did not support natural selection, rather believing in Lamarckism. On 21 October he visited Charles Darwin at Down House in Kent. Richardson and Keuck, (Biol. [16] In 1867 he married Agnes Huschke. Very early in embryonic development, diffusion beco… The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were heavy going: with his limited understanding of German, Darwin found them impossible to read. Ernst Haeckel studied animals and evolution in Germany from 1834 to 1919. Haeckel believed privately that his figures were both exact and synthetic, and in public asserted that they were schematic like most figures used in teaching. He also proposed the kingdom Protista[12] in 1866. Photograph of Ernst Haeckel (left) in the Canary Islands with his assistant Miklucho-Maclay in 1867. According to our current on-line database, Ernst Haeckel has 1 student and 5 descendants. [13] During a trip to the Mediterranean, Haeckel named nearly 150 new species of radiolarians. Meanwhile, he completed a dissertation in zoology in 1861 at Jena and became privatdozent there. SS captain and biologist Heinz Brücher wrote a biography of Haeckel in 1936, in which he praised Haeckel as a "pioneer in biological state thinking". At the end of 1868 his review in the Archiv für Anthropologie wondered about the claim that the work was "popular and scholarly", doubting whether the second was true, and expressed horror about such public discussion of man's place in nature with illustrations such as the evolutionary trees being shown to non-experts. He set forth his ideas in popular writings, all of which were widely read though they were deplored by many of Haeckel’s scientific colleagues. 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